Neurological Disorder Parkinson s Disease - 992 Words

Neurological Disorder: Parkinson’s Disease One of the most commonly seen neurological disorders is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Named after the doctor who first identified the disease as â€Å"the shaking palsy† Dr James Parkinson (1755-1824), Parkinson’s disease affects over 1 million Americans today. On average around 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease annually. This is an alarming number of new cases but what is even more startling is the fact that thousands of cases go undetected each year as well. PD is a clinical diagnosis with no definitive diagnostic test to identify the disease. The question may arise, what exactly is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s disease is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder, which means that it gets worse over time. PD is more common with increasing age affecting 1% of the population above 55, with 4-10% of cases having early onset before the age of 40 (XXXX). The average age of onset ranges between 58-62 years old and is more common in men than women. The disease itself is defined by the presence of lewy bodies in neurons and a loss of dopamine. Degenerative changes to the basal ganglia affect the nerve cells in the substantia niagra that produce dopamine. This results in a decrease in the production of dopamine that is getting to the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved with regulating movement making early signs of PD primarily motor impairments and progression of this disease can range fromShow MoreRelatedParkinson s Disease : A Common Neurological Disorder1157 Words   |  5 PagesSo sa ys Roberto Garcia d orto in his description for Parkinson’s disease. This disease is a very common neurological disorder. Two centuries ago, James Parkinson was the first to describe the disease in detail. He published a monograph, â€Å"An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,† describing a neurological illness consisting of resting tremors and an odd form of progressive motor disability, now known as Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is associated with many challenges and complexities. The diagnosisRead MoreParkinson s No Longer Happens But Is Inherited1181 Words   |  5 Pagesone inherits a trait, disorder, or disease that is passed or shared through families. Whether it is albinism or red hair (also referred to as day walkers or ginger) height or heath both parent carry the autosomal trait that is passed to the child. An autosomal recessive disorder means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. A mutation in a gene on one of the first 22 non-sex chromosomes can lead to an autosomal disorder like Down syndrome orRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1648 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s disease has been cataloged as one of the most serious and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects a wide array of motor and non-motor aspects that impact the function of a person. Afflicting over four million Americans and the second most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s continues to take its toll on the neurological health of many(Constantinescu et al, 2007 ). James Parkinson, a British physician first coined this disorder as â€Å"shakyRead MoreImplement And Monitor Nursing Care For Clients With Chronic Health Problems1427 Words   |  6 Pages INTRODUCTION: Parkinson disease mainly defined as the death of certain brain cells. These brain cells mainly control the body parts movement and the coordination. The disease mainly decrease the mobility which leads difficulty in walking (Medline Plus, 2016). Currently, Parkinson has no known cause which mainly effect people to develop this disease. Many theories tells that there are several factors that are responsible to cause Parkinson disease such as the decline in the productionRead MoreEssay about What is Parkinsons Disease?1415 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson diseaseRead MoreParkinson s Disease Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’ s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreQuantitative Study: Burdens among Parkinson’s disease Caregiver979 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Parkinson’s is the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimer’s. It has been described as a chronic, progressive, neurological disorder, which generally not life-threatening but is incurable (Magennis Corry, 2013). Parkinson disease has no antidote but has altered treatments. Patients require caregivers help when PD gradually starts to affects motor, cognitive and emotional functioning. Patients are hindered from fulfilling their daily needs, thus necessitating the caregiver’sRead MoreOn Nervous Disorders : Parkinson s Disease1193 Words   |  5 PagesOn Nervous Disorders: Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor, slowed movement, and muscle rigidity; typically only seen in those over the age of forty. It is named after James Parkinson, an English surgeon, whom first described the symptoms of â€Å"the shaking palsy,† in a report published in 1817 (Grimes, 2004). The brain is the control center of the body. The brain orchestrates movement, sensations, feelings, personality, andRead MoreThe Purpose Of My Research Conducted For This Paper Was1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of my research conducted for this paper was to examine the relationship between Parkinson s disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson s is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition. The loss of these chemical messengers can causeRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Disease3496 Words   |  14 Pages Parkinson s disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Parkinson s Disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Outline Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Symptoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Tremor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 6 Slow Movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Rigid Muscles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Disfigured Posture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Loss

Political Philosophy Essay - 1759 Words

Political Philosophy Part One (Question 2) Aristotle, Locke, and Hobbes all place a great deal of importance on the state of nature and how it relates to the origin of political bodies. Each one, however, has a different conception of what a natural state is, and ultimately, this leads to a different conception of what a government should be, based on this natural state. Aristotle’s feelings on the natural state of man is much different than that of modern philosophers and leads to a construction of government in and of itself; government for Hobbes and Locke is a departure from the natural state of man. Aristotle’s emphasis is on the city-state, or the political world as a natural occurrence. He says â€Å"every city-state exists†¦show more content†¦For a city-state to be made up, it must be composed of citizens, those individuals with the ability to reason, and for Aristotle, this city-state is a natural occurrence. Hobbes and Locke both have very different conceptions of the natural world. Hobbes conceives of a natural world in which the state is that of war. He talks about the lack of trust in the fellow subjects, and the manner in which men lock their doors and feel â€Å"continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of the man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† (Hobbes 171). The idea of the life of a man as being solitary, nasty, and brutish greatly conflicts with the idea that Aristotle has set forth with man being naturally bound together to achieve the good of happiness. Aristotle constructs a state in which men naturally work together to create happiness for all, whereas Hobbes believes that the natural state of man tends away from this, toward greed and war. Locke is similar to Hobbes in that his conception of nature is a more isolated one, but it’s a less blunt view of the trust of mankind. The â€Å"state of nature has a law of nature to govern it , which obliges everyone†¦ no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.† (Locke 313). For Locke, the natural state is the idea of self-preservation, but also the preservation of all of mankind. It is not acceptable for Locke, as it is for Hobbes, to allow theShow MoreRelatedPolitical Science And Political Philosophy Essay3559 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Political science is a an academic discipline. It is a part of social science which discuss about government and politics. It generally analyses the methods and policies of government. It is the systematic and analytical study of political and government institutions. The procedure and process of governmental policies is explained in political science. In order to define and analyze political science many political thinkers have given different theories. They practiced political scienceRead MorePolitical Philosophy Of Liberalism1098 Words   |  5 PagesLiberalism is a political viewpoint that is established on the thoughts of liberty and equality. Thus, liberalists promote various ideas that are aligned to the concepts of liberty and equality such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, gender equality, and civil rights. In general, it can be argued that the philosophy of liberalism is focused on protecting and promoting the freedom of the people (Celikates and Jansen). As such, it presents the people as the central issue of politics. In factRead MorePolitical Philosophy And American Political Thought981 Words   |  4 Pages I have applied to participate in the Hertog Summer Programs in Classical Political Philosophy and American Political Thought because of my passion for politics. This passion inspired me to become commit to the Major in Government at Georgetown University. A professor once gave me the following definition of politics as, â€Å"the resolution of conflict among the competing interests of individuals, groups, and or nations.† Therefore, the study of politics in my opinion is the study of how groups reachRead MoreMy Political Philosophy2204 Words   |  9 PagesMy Political Philosophy Political Philosophy is typically a study of a wide range of topics such as, justice, liberty, equality, rights, law, politics and the application of a codified law. Depending on what the philosophy is, it usually tends to be a very sensitive and a personal ideology that an individual holds within the reality of their existence. Several of the fundamental topics of political philosophy shape up the society that we live in as these specific topics and their implementationRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Political Science1799 Words   |  8 PagesOhlone College The philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, started out with the philosophy of political science while on his trips and visits neighboring countries outside of England to listen to other scientists discuss and learn about different forms of government. While studying, Thomas Hobbes wondered about why people allow themselves to become ruled by the government and would be the ideal form of government best for England. He answered that questioned by stating that since people wereRead MoreThe Machiavelli s Political Philosophy1575 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli’s Political Philosophy Precede It is fundamentally important to preface the discussion hosted in this essay by addressing ourselves to the most mundane question-why consider Machiavelli in the context of philosophy, least of all, political philosophy? This question dominates any philosophical inquiries of the Machiavelli’s political ideologies. Put differently, do the contributions by Niccolà ² Machiavelli to the various salient discourses in the Western thought, most notably political theoryRead MoreJohn Lockes Political Philosophy 752 Words   |  3 Pages John Locke is one of the most influential political philosophers of the modern era. He is a strong-minded empiricist whom expresses radical views about law and order. Locke is a fascinating figure in the history of law and order whose excellence of elucidation and depth of intellectual activity remains extremely influential. His mature political philosophy leant support to the British Whig party and its principles, to the Age of Enlightenment, and to the development of the separation of the StateRead MorePolitical Philosophy And The Natural Law856 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical philosophy and the natural law are seldom reflected on in politics. Typically, persons in a political or civil society are often distracted by fiscal success or recreational leisure. In society today, there exists a consensus reality with the prospect of money and power. This reality emanates from a scandalous and corrupted political system. As a result, there lacks the recognition of idealistic values on li beralism, human rights, and the natural law. There have been several philosophersRead MorePolitical Philosophy Is Not Just Applied Moral Philosophy Essay2560 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction: Political philosophy is the study of basic questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice etc. political philosophy is concerned with the concepts and arguments involves in political opinion. It is ethics applied to a group of people, discusses about societies set up.In political philosophy it is important to know what ought to be a person’s relationship in a society. This seeks application of ethical concepts to social sphere. It is a standard which help to analyzeRead MoreEssay on Explaining Political Philosophy744 Words   |  3 PagesExplaining Political Philosophy Political philosophy, or political theory, as it is also known, is about human condition, or, what humans are like. There are roughly four main kinds of political philosophy around today-Libertarianism, Socialism, Liberalism and Communitarianism. Political theory is an attempt to understand people, what we are like as individuals, what society and the state are like, and how we as humans, the state and society all interact with one and

Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life an Analysis of Hamlet Free Essays

3 November 2009 Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet In Hamlet, two characters I believe to be important are Hamlet and his friend, Horatio. Horatio is the second most important character in the play. Horatio is Hamlet’s best friend and advisor. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Horatio never keeps anything from Hamlet. In Act one, scene one; Horatio, Bernardo, and Marcellus see the ghost of king Hamlet who was killed by his brother, Claudius. After the ghost disappears, Horatio tells Marcellus and Bernardo to reveal to Hamlet what they have seen. †¦Let us impart what we have seen tonight Unto young Hamlet; for upon my life, This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him†¦. † (Act 1, Scene 1). Hamlet reveals to Horatio what the spirit reveled to him about Claudius. â€Å"†¦But know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown. † (Act 1, scene 5). Horatio tells no one, of what Hamlet has told him, and he plays along with Hamlet’s idea of pretending to be mad or insane. I believe this exhibits that Hamlet trusts Horatio more than the other characters. I believe that Hamlet can go to Horatio for anything. †¦There is a play tonight before the king. One scene of it comes near the c ircumstance Which I have told thee of my father’s death. I prithee, when thou seest that act afoot, Even with the very comment of thy soul Observe my uncle†¦. † (Act 3, Scene 2). I believe that Horatio is able to understand Hamlet better than the other characters do. In Act five, scene two, Hamlet tells Horatio to tell his story to everyone. The only reason that Hamlet would tell Horatio this; is if he was the only one left that could tell his story, and because Horatio is his friend. Let us face it, if we were on our deathbed, would we not want our best friend to tell our story? In Act one, scene two, we get a glimpse of Hamlet’s resentment over his mother’s marriage, to his uncle, which follow hard upon the funeral of his father. â€Å"†¦Within a month, Ere yet the sale of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes She married. O most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to good. But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue. † ( Act 1, Scene 2). In Act two, Scene one, we see a hint of Hamlet’s love for Ophelia. In Act two, scene two, Hamlet doubts the spirit of his father, and thinks that his father could be telling the truth or telling a lie. He is not quite sure which is truth and which is false. We see that Hamlet has many questions as to what he could do to see if the ghost is telling the truth. He decides to put on a play with a scene that he has added. In Act three, scene one, we get a peek of how he seems to know everything. â€Å"Let the doors be shut upon him [Polonius], that he may play the fool nowhere but in’s own house. Farewell. † In this Act, he says things to Ophelia that I believe he does not mean, such as, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery. ’’ I believe he is saying what he says for the benefit of Polonius, Ophelia’s father. Polonius believes that Hamlet is mad, or insane. â€Å"Your noble son is mad. † Hamlet is abhorrent toward Claudius because Claudius killed his father. In act three, scene four we see Hamlet’s reluctance to kill his uncle, but this time he is unwilling to kill Claudius because he is praying or that is what it seems like to Hamlet. Let us face it, who in their right mind would kill someone while they are praying? However, I believe that Hamlet should have killed Claudius in this scene because if he did then the other characters that die would not have died and his father’s spirit would be able to rest in peace. At the end of Act three, Hamlet kills Polonius believing him to be Claudius. â€Å"I took thee for thy better. † It was so easy for Hamlet to kill Polonius because he believed him to be Claudius. Hamlet then hides the body because he does not want anyone to know what he has done, or maybe he hides the body ecause he wants people to believe that he is insane. At the end of the play, Hamlet forces Claudius to drink from a cup of poison thus killing him. Horatio knowing that Hamlet was dying decides to drink from the cup so he would not be alone, but Hamlet stops him. Hamlet then tells Horatio to tell his story to the world. Hamlet also dies from the same poison. Throughout the play, Hamlet ha s been at war with Claudius because Claudius killed his father and then married his mother. At the same time, he is at a constant battle with his feelings. He asks questions that are difficult to answer or even understand, but he always comes up with an answer. Horatio’s part in the play is the second important part. Without Horatio, I believe that Hamlet would have killed himself, because he would not have any one to share his burden of killing his uncle. Horatio keeps helping Hamlet every chance he gets. Horatio also tries to take poison because Hamlet is dying; if this is not true friendship then I do not know what is. Shaksper’s Hamlet How to cite Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet, Papers

Impacts of Transformational Plans on Organizational Performance

Question: Discuss about theImpacts of Transformational Plans on Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction The dynamic nature of the corporate world only serves to indicate the essence of change and innovation in an organization. The changing trends in consumer preferences, market levels, and policies as well economic status call for a corresponding need for companies to continuously innovate and implement new management methods (Anita, 2010). When the existing structure within an organization fails to enhance the achievement of the key goals and objectives, there is always an inevitable need for either a partial or complete overhaul of the management system. The transition and transformation process is always accompanied by various changes which when inadequately managed can lead to losses and failure. However, the strong will to take a risk despite the eminent challenges is the very character which defines most successful leaders. In this paper, we examine the transformational strategy which was introduced and implemented at Semco by Richard Semler when the company was at the verge of c losure. After registering a string of poor performances Semler takes over the mantle of leadership from his father and immediately sets on transforming the organization. He establishes a new leadership structure and management approach in a bid to improve worker motivation and subsequently the overall performance of the organization. The paper shall therefore highlight how this strategy influences worker motivation and the organizational performance. The discussion shall also expound on the universal applicability of Semlers transformational strategy. Lastly, risks involving the transformational strategy as well as the conflicts which emerged from its installation shall also be analyzed. Universal Applicability of Semlers Plan The success registered by Semco caused the company to be envied by other organizations. The organizations attempted copy and implement some of the management approaches at Semco (Braisby and Gellatly, 2012). The immediate strategy by Semler involved trimming the companys leadership structure by reducing the management hierarchy from the initial seven levels to three. The job titles were erased and only the position of the Chief Operations Officer remained. The position was to be occupied on a rotational basis where the worker could democratically elect their leader after every six months. As part of the transformational plan, Semler initiated management groups within the organization and each faction was given the responsibility of handling a specific area within the chain of operations. For instance, while one management team dealt with budgets and target setting, the other handled the aspect of manufacturing and production (Stoner, 2013). The other divisions dealt with sales in addition to other organizational responsibilities. The main objective of this strategy was to diversify tasks and hence enhance the effectiveness with which the workers executed their roles. The transformational plan also empowered the workers to take full responsibility of their roles in a democratic environment where they could easily elect their leaders. As such, the workers could hire and fire depending on the level of satisfaction with regards to quality delivery and commitment to duty. The organizational structure at Semco was such that each faction comprised about 150 workers. Each div ision was led be an individual elected in a democratic pattern by the workers. As a result, the workers felt more involved in the management process and the liberal environment played a crucial role in enhancing the workers output towards the key organizational goals. The transformational strategy proved effective. Immediately after its implementation, the company performance scales rose and it started making profits. In addition, the cost of production diminished as the new approaches allowed for sharing of tasks which improved the quality of individual performance. With efficiency within the human resource fraternity, the company improved in performance in the areas of sales, manufacturing and finance. The effectiveness of this strategy attracted other organizations which attempted to copy and implement it into their own organizational structure. However, there are various parameters which tend to change as one moves from one organization to another (Collings and Wood, 2009). These may include; the availability of resources, geographical location, market nature and the human resource fraternity. The changing trends therefore imply that a management approach may be applicable in one organization yet when installed in a different set up may not tr igger the same results. Subsequently, the transformational plan implemented at Semco may not be universally applicable. Change and Motivation at Semco The various strategies introduced in the new plan played a crucial role in enhancing worker motivation. To begin with, leadership was decentralized hence responsibilities and decision making shared (Daft and Armstrong, 2009). The strategy saw to it that all workers had a hand in the day to day running of the company and could even appoint their own leaders and set salaries. The rotation of leadership therefore played a role in enhancing motivation as individuals had to exhibit exemplary performance to be elected. According to the motivational theory of equity, motivation of workers may not be achieved solely through salary packaging but by creating a liberal environment where the workers see their roles as the core cause of motivation. The theory further stipulates that workers tend to offer their best when they are treated fairly and in an advantageous manner (Dattilio and Freeman, 2007). Semlers strategy to empower the subordinates at Semco played a crucial role in enhancing their confidence hence the desire to offer more. Furthermore, the needs motivational theory depicts motivation as a method of increasing the effort of the human resource towards achieving organizational goals. The transformational strategy at Semco comprised a series of steps which effectively triggered the workers to higher levels of commitment towards the companys objectives. For instance, the plan involved a reward scheme which was based on the level to which the workers achieved the set targets. As a result, the div isions worked round the clock not only to ensure that teams performed best for recognition but also see to it that the set targets in terms of sales and profit were met. This strategy largely enhanced the workers motivation. Hackman and Oldhams job characteristics model outlines the idea that the responsibility given to an individual at a work place serves as a key motivational factor before other factors are injected into recognition scheme. The nature of a job can be designed to motivate a worker through job rotation and change of working conditions (Bernhard, 2008). Semlers transformational plan involved job rotation in which the occupants of the position of Chief Operating Officer could only do so for six months after which a new individual took over. This strategy highly motivated the workers to remain effective and productive in their delivery as the democratic election to the leadership positions were based on individual performance. The model also outlines that employees are likely to be highly motivated when they experience the meaningfulness of work, have knowledge of the outcome and understand the nature of their responsibilities (Hinings, 2013). To enhance the workers motivation towards effec tively executing their duties, the transformational plan involved sharing of profit among the workers. According to the reward structure, each division received 25% of the net profits which would them be shared among the workers according to the outcome of a decision made by a democratically elected committee. Possible Sources of Tension Due to the fact that the transformational plan involved the incorporation of fresh strategies, the initial stages were characterized by a number of challenges (Semler, 1989). The very first strategy involved reducing the number of management layers from the initial seven to three. This process caused a considerable amount of conflict which threatened to hamper the progress of the new plan. The decentralization of leadership was also characterized by the empowering of the subordinates (Cohen, 2008). The workers were accorded a free hand to hire and fire. This strategy caused a stir within the human resource fraternity as some managers felt their authority had been demeaned. As a result, a good number of managers ended up quitting the company hence revealing one of the challenges which accompanied the implementation of the transformational plan. The associates were allowed to set their own salaries which could lead to issues with integrity and lack of transparency on financial management. Despite the fact that the set salaries would be mounted on notice boards to enhance transparency, the strategy still gave room for financial mismanagement as not audit procedures were set to monitor the process. This liberal environment could see the associates allocate themselves unreasonable amounts hence affecting the other portions of the organizational structure (Giddens, 2008). Lastly, the sudden overhaul of the leadership structure and management style could be considered another cause of tension/conflict. The new strategy resulted in the organization experiencing a radical change which for quite a while influenced operations within the company. The change faced much resistance especially from the middle managers. It is only after it had taken full force that the company began to register an improvement. Risks Taken by Semler Semlers transformational plan before its implementation looked like an idea out of this world. The initial stages were characterized by fear and uncertainty but he chose to forge ahead. One of the risks was the sudden overhaul of the management system which resulted in a radical change and influence on a good portion of the human resource fraternity (Griffin, 2010). This change would adversely affect the companys workers as most of them had not been adequately prepared for the transition. The removal of leadership titles was another risky step as the company risked losing the individuals who felt left out by the new management system. The other risky strategy involved empowering the subordinates and giving them the free hand to hire and fire at will. Despite the fact that this step was meant to enhance motivation, it never augured well with a portion of the human resource fraternity as some of them opted out of the company complaining their authority had been undermined (Harper, 2009). Giving too much power to the subordinates, if not well managed, could lead to the emergence of selfish interests where the divisions could appoint leaders based on their individual leaders and no focus on the organizational goals. However, the transformational strategy adequately countered this possible risk by setting targets and establishing a reward structure based on the achievement of these targets (Siehl, Killian and Perez, 1999). Finally, the associates were given a free hand to set their salaries, a step which could easily lead to financial mismanagement. Due to lack of adequate financial monitoring tools by then, the organi zation could register losses from this strategy as a result of excessive spending. Conclusion The discussion has revealed some of the impacts that implementing a transformational plan may have on a company. Despite the fact that the plans are always meant to enhance organizational performance, the change associated with them may adversely affect the companys department. This therefore calls for the need to implement the right management procedures hence ensuring the desired results are obtained. From the discussion, we can also deduce that transformational plan may positively impact an organization by arousing the right behaviors and motivational levels among the workers. Selmers plan proved effective in the long run due to the extent to which it empowered and motivated the workers to offer their best. After the implementation of the plan, the companys costs diminished while the level of production increased. 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